Antimicrobial activity of FD
| S/N | Biological evaluation | Methods | Solvent | Plant parts | Concentrations | Major findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Antibacterial | Spread plate technique | Physiological saline | Rhizosphere | 100 μL | Antibacterial tests showed that 61.8% of all isolates were wrought to B. subtilis, S. aureus, and E. coli, the tested bacteria | [54] |
| 2 | Agar dilution method | Petroleum ether chloroform methanol water | Leaves | 1–128 mg/L and 1,024 mg/L | At 12 mm, the ethanolic extract inhibits Helicobacter pylori the most, while the aqueous extract has on activity | [55] | |
| 3 | Disc | Hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol | Leaves | The MIC against E. coli is 230, and B. subtilis and S. aureus are 380 and 460 μg/mL, respectively | [56] | ||
| 4 | Disc | 80% Ethanol | According to research, plants have a dynamic ability as pharmaco therapeutic agents | [57] | |||
| 5 | Disc diffusion | Chloroform, methanol and aqueous | 0, 20, and 50 mg/mL | The methanol extract inhibited S. aureus growth significantly, forming a 15.7 mm wide inhibition zone with a minimum inhibitory dose of 3.125 mg/mL | [52] | ||
| 6 | Broth micro dilution, MIC, and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) | Distilled water | Leaves and stem oil | 0.08–10 mg/mL | The oils inhibited all microorganisms tested moderately to strongly, with MIC and MBC values ranging from 0.63 mg/mL to 2.5 mg/mL | [58] | |
| 7 | Micro dilution | Methanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol | Leaves | 0.01–100 mg/mL | The leaves extract inhibited S. aureus more effectively than MRSA. Even though chloroform and methanol extracts of 100 mg/mL inhibited S. aureus by 20% and 16%, respectively, they did not affect MRSA | [1] | |
| 8 | Disk diffusion and MIC | Hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol | Leaves (lupeol) | Lupeol is more sensitive to S. aureus than E. coli and more sensitive to B. subtilis than other antibiotics, according to the antibacterial activity test. The MICs of E. coli, B. subtilis, and S. aureus, respectively, were 150, 220, and 130 g/mL | [9] | ||
| 9 | MIC | 70% Methanol | Leaves | 31.26–125 mg/L | The plant extract failed to grow Edwardsiella tarda, E. coli, Flavobacterium sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio cholerae at a dose of 31.26 mg/L. At a dosage of 62.5 mg/L, the plant extract inhibited Aeromonas hydrophila, Klebsiella sp., Salmonella sp., and Vibrio alginolyticus. The plant extract suppresses the growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus at a dose of 125 mg/L | [10] | |
| 10 | Disc | Ethanolic | Leaves | Inhibition of 10–12 mm was found against the tested bacterial strains | [50] | ||
| 11 | Methanol | Leaves | 20 μL (10 mg/mL) | The extracts were found to inhibit all tested bacterial strains, with the highest inhibition against B. subtilis at 12 mm | [51] | ||
| 12 | Diffusion method | n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol | Leaves | The outcomes demonstrated the presence of nonpolar, semipolar, and polar antibacterial chemicals in the leaf extract. With a concentration of 15% and a clear zone diameter of 22.33 mm, B. substilis bacteria were the most harmed by the hexane extract. This level of inhibition is really strong | [59] | ||
| 13 | Diffusion method | Methanol | Leaves | The leaves’ methanolic extract inhibits the development of all investigated bacterial strains with MIC values of 1% for S. aureus, 0.7% for S. epidermis, 0.8% for S. aeruginosa, and 0.7% for E. coli | [60] | ||
| 14 | Antibacterial | Disc | Ethanol | Leaves | Diverse species of F. exhibited weak in vitro antibacterial activity against Citrobacter (C.) freundii isolated from locally infected Anguilla anguil-la L | [61] | |
| 15 | Methanol and aqueous | Leaves and stems | Based on the results, leaf extracts of the two types could inhibit the development of all three bacteria, with a minimum inhibition concentration of 25 mg/mL. At a minimal inhibitory dose of 100 mg/mL, the stem aqueous extracts revealed inhibition zones against P. aureginosa and S. aureus. However, no inhibition zone was found in the stem methanol extracts | [62] | |||
| 16 | Antifungal | Disc | Aqueous | Leaves | 5, 10, 15, and 20% (v/v) | The mycelia growth of Ganoderma boninense and Rhizoctonia solani was strongly reduced by extracts of F. deltoidea at all concentrations of more than 10%. F. deltoidea reveals the presence of one or more secondary metabolites that have antifungal properties | [63] |
| 17 | Disc | Physiological saline | Rhizosphere | The antifungal test revealed that 64.8% of the isolates were antifungal against four strains of Fusarium oxysporum, Candida albicans, and Colletotrichum capsicus | [54] | ||
| 18 | Disc | Chloroform, methanol and aqueous | Leaves | 10, 20, and 50 mg/mL | All concentrations inhibited the growth of the tested strain | [52] | |
| 19 | MIC and MFC | Leaves | Extracts tested positive for antifungal activity against Candida albicans at MIC and MFC levels of 50 and 100 mg/mL, respectively. The extract of 69.5% inhibited Candida biofilm development | [53] | |||
| 20 | Anti-plasmodia | Schizont maturation inhibition assay | Petroleum ether and ethanol | Leaves | 1,000 μg/mL | Crude hydro-alcoholic leaf extracts have an IC50 of more than 50 μg/mL, whereas petroleum ether leaf extracts have a low IC50 of about 26 μg/mL | [64] |