Details of the anticancer efficacy of BD in several human malignancies using in vitro models
| Cancer type | Cell lines | Anti-cancer efficacy | Mode of action | Concentration (μM) | IC50 (anti-proliferation) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NSCLC | A549NCI-H292 | Anti-proliferative | ↑ROS, ↑pJNK, ↑Apoptosis;↑LC3-II, ↑Autophagy | 0–40 | A549: 17.89 (48 h)NCI-H292: 14.42 (48 h) | [28] |
| A549H460PC9H1975 | Anti-proliferative | A549, H460: ↑pJNK, ↓Bcl-2, ↑BAX, ↑caspase 3 and PARP, ↑Apoptosis | 0–12.5 | A549: 0.6 (48 h)H460: 0.5 (48 h)PC9: 1.0 (48 h)H1975: 2.7 (48 h) | [41] | |
| Pancreatic adenocarcinoma | PANC1SW1990CAPAN-1 | Anti-proliferative | PANC1: ↑p38-MAPK, ↓Bcl-2, ↑BAX, ↑caspase 3 and 8 | < 0.1–> 30 | PANC1: 2.53 (72 h)SW1990: 5.21 (72 h)CAPAN-1: 1.35 (72 h) | [29, 37] |
| Chronic Myeloid Leukemia | K562 | Anti-proliferative | ↓pAKT and pERK;↓Ψm, ↑caspase 3 and 9, ↑PARP | 0–12 | 6.37 ± 0.39 (72 h) | [44] |
| TNBC | MDA-MB-231 | Anti-proliferativeAnti-invasiveAnti-migration | ↓PI3K, ↓pAKT, ↑E-cadherins, ↓vimentin and β-catenin, partial EMT reversal | 0–100 | 5.84 (48 h); 2.364 (72 h) | [30] |
| Osteosarcoma | MNNG/HOSU-2OSMG-63Saos-2 | Anti-proliferativeAnti-invasiveAnti-migrationAnti-CLC | ↓pSTAT3, ↓Cyclin D1, CDK4, CDK2, ↑Apoptosis; ↓pSTAT3, ↓CD133, SOX2, Oct-4, Nanog | 0–20 | MNNG/HOS: 0.9 (48 h)U-2OS: 0.05 (48 h)MG-63: 0.65 (48 h)Saos-2: 0.51 (48 h) | [47] |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Huh7Hep3B | Anti-proliferative | ↑Proteasome, ↓Total β-catenin, ↓Active β-catenin, ↓JAG1, ↓NICD, ↑Apoptosis | 0–20 | Approx. 2.5 (48 h) | [45] |
| Bel7404HepG2Hep3BHuh7PLC | Anti-proliferative | ↓miR-95, ↑CUGBP2, ↑Apoptosis | 0.25–1.5 | Bal7407: ~1.0 (72 h)HepG2: ~0.8 (72 h)Hep3B: ~0.75 (72 h)Huh7: ~0.6 (72 h)PLC: ~0.8 (72 h) | [46] |
Ψm: mitochondrial membrane potential; CD133: prominin-1; CDK2: cyclin dependent kinase 2; CUGBP2: Elav-like family member 2; JAG1: Jagged1; LC3-II: autophagy marker; Nanog: homeobox protein NANOG; NICD: cleaved intracellular domain of Notch receptor; Oct-4: octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (also known as POU5F1); PARP: poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase; p38-MAPK: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases; pAKT: phosphorylated protein kinase B; pERK: phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinase; pJNK: phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase; pSTAT3: phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; SOX2: SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2; CDK4: cyclin-dependent kinase 4; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition; miR-95: microRNA-95