Biological evaluation of Syzygium cumini (L.) skeels against several cancer cell lines
| N | Parts of the plant | Solvents | Concentration | Type of cancer | Major finding | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Partially ripe fruit skin | Methanol | 50 μL of 100% or 10% extract | Cervical | Inhibition of growth was seen at 14.4% (HeLa) and 11.8% (SiHa) at a concentration of 40%, and at 30.3% and 23.2%, respectively, at a concentration of 80% of the extract. | [64] |
| 2 | - | - | - | Colorectal | Extract was found to significantly inhibit the proliferation of HT-29 cell lines. After treatment, there was also a notable shift in the intended gene expression ratio (Bax:Bcl-2). | [65] |
| 3 | Seeds | - | 25 mg/kg body weight (b.wt). per day | Stomach | Groups significantly increased phase II detoxifying enzymes and inhibited lipid per oxidation in the stomach, leading to a decrease in tumor incidence, tumor burden, and cumulative number of gastric carcinomas. | [66] |
| 4 | Fruits | Chloroform | 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, and 5 μg/mL | Ovary | More than 90% cell cytotoxicity was seen with quercetin and gallic acid at concentrations of 2.5 μg/mL and higher, but oleanolic acid was only modestly effective up to 5 μg/mL in a serial dilution. | [67] |
| 5 | Leaves | Ethyl acetate, methanol, aqueous | 31.25, 62.25, 125, 250, 500, and 1,000 μg/mL | Cervical | The IC50 values for ethyl acetate (350 μg/mL), methanol (378 μg/mL), and aqueous (360 μg/mL), respectively, ranged from moderately toxic to non-toxic (no effect). | [3] |
| 6 | Leaves, pulp, and seeds | Ethanol | 100 μL | Breast | Seeds, leaves, and pulps all had IC50 values of 613, 660, and 732 μg/mL, respectively. | [68] |
| 7 | Pulp, seeds | Ethanol | 12.5–200 μg/mL | Lung | Hydrolysate pulp exhibited potent antiproliferative action with an IC50 value of 59 μg/mL ± 4 μg/mL. The hydrolyzed seed extract was the most effective on cell proliferation (IC50 = 38 μg/mL ± 3 μg/mL at P < 0.05). | [69] |
| 8 | - | Methanol | 10, 20, and 40 μg/mL | Oral | The oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell line was cytotoxic after the treatment, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) buildup was generated. This therapy also triggered apoptosis-related morphological alterations and the extirpation of phosphatidylserine in OSCC cells. Protein and gene expression of cadherin-1 were also boosted by the treatments. | [70] |
| 9 | Seeds | Ethanol | - | Ovary, lung | The IC50 value for the A2780 (ovarian cancer) cell line was 49 μg/mL, whereas that for the H460 (non-small cell lung carcinoma) cell line was 165 μg/mL. The IC50 values for flavopiridol (positive control) ranged from 0.06 μg/mL to 0.08 μg/mL across all cell lines. | [71] |
| 10 | Seeds | Ethanol | 125 mg/kg b.wt. per day for each animal | Skin | Compared to the carcinogen control group, the average latency duration was likewise significantly lengthened in the extract treatment group (pre-group—11.1 weeks; post group—10.9 weeks). | [72] |
| 11 | - | Hexane, chloroform, ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, aqueous | - | Leukemia | Based on the data, the ethanolic extract inhibits human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells at a lower concentration than the other extracts (LC50 = 81 μg/mL) but at a higher concentration than the pure compounds [b-sitosterol (LC50 = 55.0 g/mL), and kaempferol 7-O-methylether (LC50 = 48.0 μg/mL)], with 91.71% and 100% inhibition, respectively. | [73] |
| 12 | Bark | Methanolic | 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg per day | Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) | Extract significantly inhibited EAC cell proliferation (71.08% ± 3.53%; P < 0.001), reduced tumor burden (69.50%; P < 0.01) and increased the life duration (73.13%; P < 0.001) of EAC-bearing mice at 75 mg/kg per day. | [74] |
| 13 | Leaves | Ethanol | - | Breast | T47D breast cancer cell line showed the highest cytotoxic activity, with 69% growth inhibition being the best result. | [75] |
| 14 | Seeds | Aqueous | 250 mg/kg b.wt. per day | Skin | When compared to the carcinogen-treated control group, whose tumor incidence was determined to be 100%, the mice showed a considerable drop to 37.5%, 50%, and 25%, respectively. | [76] |
| 15 | Seeds | Methanol | 10, 20, and 40 μg/mL | Hepatocellular carcinoma | The cytotoxicity of HepG2 cells was significantly increased by treatment with the extract, and this increase was concentration dependent. | [77] |
| 16 | Fruits | - | - | Breast | Significant reductions in tumor incidence (65%), tumor load (313 mm3), and tumor multiplicity (1.8 tumors/rat) compared to controls. This treatment also considerably delayed the initial tumor emergence by 21 days. | [78] |
| 17 | Unripe fruit pulp | Ethanol | - | Colorectal adenocarcinoma | When evaluated against colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco2), the methanolic extract of unripe fruit seeds demonstrated the highest anticancer activity at the highest concentration (1,000 μg/mL), with an IC50 value of 30.93. | [79] |
| 18 | Seeds | Methanol | - | - | 50 mg/kg (i.p.) reduced 67.36% (P < 0.01) of cell proliferation in EAC cells on day six of incubation. | [80] |
| 19 | Fruits | Methanol, aqueous | - | Lung | The extract, at a concentration of 2 mg/mL. | [81] |
-: not applicable; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; Bax: Bcl-2-associated X protein