Exploration of Targeted Anti-tumor Therapy

Biomarker	Technique	Application
CTC	CTC CellSearch™ (Veridex LLC) utilizes ferroparticles and antibodies directed to epithelial targets (EpCAM)	Provide RNAs, DNA and proteins for cancer diagnosis and profiling; give information about progression and metastasis
ctDNA and cfDNA	PCR, dPCR, ddPCR, gripper-based peptide acid-based PCR test. PNA Taqman dosage, microspheres, BEAMing, NGS	High sensitivity (one of the highest) for detection of early lung cancer; information about the presence of mutated genes correlates to poor prognosis
Exosome	Isolation by physical or biological properties; MACS; immune-mediated isolation; sucrose gradient method; ultracentrifugation; after isolation, PCR used to separate the RNA and proteins	Important in early diagnosis and prognosis; information about tumor’s biologic profile, growth rate, metastatic capacity and drug resistance; potential vehicle for therapies
TEP	Extraction of tumor biomolecules and nucleic acids (RNAs)	Give large amount of genetic material (RNA and DNA); diagnosis of lung cancer; treatment monitoring

Biomarker

Technique

Application

CTC

CTC CellSearch™ (Veridex LLC) utilizes ferroparticles and antibodies directed to epithelial targets (EpCAM)

Provide RNAs, DNA and proteins for cancer diagnosis and profiling; give information about progression and metastasis

ctDNA and cfDNA

PCR, dPCR, ddPCR, gripper-based peptide acid-based PCR test. PNA Taqman dosage, microspheres, BEAMing, NGS

High sensitivity (one of the highest) for detection of early lung cancer; information about the presence of mutated genes correlates to poor prognosis

Exosome

Isolation by physical or biological properties; MACS; immune-mediated isolation; sucrose gradient method; ultracentrifugation; after isolation, PCR used to separate the RNA and proteins

Important in early diagnosis and prognosis; information about tumor’s biologic profile, growth rate, metastatic capacity and drug resistance; potential vehicle for therapies

TEP

Extraction of tumor biomolecules and nucleic acids (RNAs)

Give large amount of genetic material (RNA and DNA); diagnosis of lung cancer; treatment monitoring