Metastasis suppressor genes and modulation of TME in BC cell lines
Metastasis suppressor genes | Cell lines | Effect on the TME | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| BRMS1 | MDA-231 and MDA-435 | Reduced localization of β1 integrin to adhesion-associated cellular protrusions | [44] |
| KISS1 | MDA-MB-31Br and CN34Brm2Ctgl | Overexpression of epithelial marker E-cadherin | [45] |
| NM23 | MDA-MB-435 | Suppresses MT1-MMP activity | [46] |
| GSN | MCF and MDA-MB-231 | TGF-β1 signaling leads to epigenetic alterations in gelsolin expression | [47] |
| CADM1 | MCF7 | EMT-induced E-cadherin and CADM1 modifications result in enhanced vulnerability to NK cell cytotoxicity | [48] |
| KAI1 | MDA-MB-231 | Induces apoptosis by the production of intracellular ROS and downregulates EGFR signaling | [49, 50] |
| NDRG1 | MCF7 and MDA-MB-435 | Upregulates E-cadherin and β-catenin by inhibiting SMAD/PSMAD32 and downregulation of TWIST, SNAIL, and SLUG | [51, 52] |
| RhoGDI2 | MDA-MB-231 | D4-GDI knockdown inhibits cell growth and invasion through activating Rac-dependent p38 and JNK signaling | [53] |
| MAPK14 | MDA-MB-231, Hs587T, and SUM159 | Cell migration, induction of EMT, p38 activation, and genomic regulation of NR4A1 expression by cis-acting-catenin/TCF/LEF complexes are all TGF-induced responses | [54] |
| GAS1 | MDA | Decreases endothelial migration leading to decreased vascularization | [55] |
BRMS1: BC metastasis suppressor 1; GSN: gelsolin; CADM1: cell adhesion molecule 1; KAI1: kangai1-anticancer; NDRG1: N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1; RhoGDI2: Rho guanine diphosphate-dissociation inhibitor 2; MAPK14: mitogen-activated protein kinase 14; GAS1: growth arrest specific 1; MT1-MMP: membrane type 1 MMP; ROS: reactive oxygen species; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; PSMAD32: SMAD family member; TWIST: Twist family BHLH transcription factor; SNAIL: Snail family transcriptional repressor; D4-GDI: D4-guanine diphosphate-dissociation inhibitor; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; NR4A1: nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1; TCF: T cell factor; LEF: lymphoid enhancer factor