miRNA in diagnosis, monitoring, and progression of RCC
| miRNA | Sample | Expression | Comments | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| miR in RCC diagnosis | |||||
| miR-210/miR-210-3p | Urine | Up-regulated | Expressed in response to hypoxia mainly through HIF-1α, a key player of renal carcinogenesis miR-210 overexpression directly targets HIF-1α expression and suppresses the HIF-1α pathway activation, thereby significantly attenuating the hypoxia induced renal tubular cell apoptosis | [58, 59] | |
| miR-200 family (miR-200a, miR-200b, miR-200c, miR-141 and miR-429 | Urine and serum | Down-regulated | Act as tumor suppressors markers Involved in the regulation of EMT, tumor metastasis, tumor stemness maintenance, and chemotherapy resistance process in cancer development | [33, 60, 61] | |
| miR-15a | Biopsy and urine samples | Up-regulated | Apoptosis and cell proliferation Promotes proliferation, invasion, migration, and epithelial mesenchymal transition of ccRCC cells Accelerates RCC cell viability by downregulating BTG2 and promoting the activity of the P13K/AKTsignalling pathway | [50, 62] | |
| miR-30c-5p | Urine exosomes | Down-regulated | Modulates the expression of HSPA5 which is correlated with the progression of ccRCC Associated with increased HIF-2α activity promoting epithelial mesenchymal transition in ccRCC | [63, 64] | |
| miR-497 | Tissues, blood, and urine | Down-regulated | Involved in processes like inflammatory responses, malignant behavior of tumors, and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation Regulates proliferation of ccRCC via up-regulation of IL-6R | [65] | |
| miR-204-5p | Urinary exosomes | Down-regulated | Acts as a tumor suppressor which suppresses RCC proliferation and invasion by targeting the RABB22A gene | [66, 67] | |
| miR-200a-3p/miR-34a-5p/miR-365a-3p | Urine | Down-Regulated | - | [68] | |
| miR-28/miR-125/miR-27/miR-let-7f-2 | Tissue | Up-regulated | Induced cell mobility and inhibited apoptosis | [69] | |
| miRNA in RCC monitoring | |||||
| miR-210-3p | Urine | Down-regulated in RCC follow up samples post treatment | Up-regulated miR-210 in RCC promotes cell proliferation and tumorigenesis through the epithelial mesenchymal transition pathway by targeting the TWIST1 gene | [69, 70] | |
| miR-let-7d-5p/miR-152-3p/miR-30c-5p/miR-362-3p/miR-30e-3p | Urine | Down-regulated post-surgery | - | [68] | |
| miRNA in RCC prognosis | |||||
| miR-221 | Plasma | Up-regulated | Enhances tumor cell proliferation through the angiogenesis pathway Co-related with lower OS rate in patients with metastasis Promotes cell proliferation, and mobility and inhibits cell apoptosis in 786-O and ACHN cell lines | [69, 71, 72] | |
| miR-122-5p/miR-206 | Serum | Up-regulated | Reduced period of progression free, cancer specific, and OS in ccRCC patients | [51] | |
| miR-149 | Plasma, serum, and urine | Down-regulated | Loss of miR-149 is linked to the gain of function of the KCNMAI and LOX | [56] | |
| miR-9-1, miR-9-2, miR-18a, miR-21, miR-130b, miR-146b, miR-149, miR-183, miR-223, miR-335, miR-365-1, miR-365-2 and miR-625 | Plasma, serum, and urine | - | Associated with worse tumor stages and elevated tumor re-occurrence | [54] | |
EMT: epithelial and mesenchymal transition; HSPA5: heat shock protein 5; KCNMAI: oncogenes potassium calcium-activated channelsubfamily m alpha 1; LOX: lysyl oxidase; -: blank sell