Predictive non-invasive biomarkers for RCC
| Biomarker | Associated outcomes | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| LAD1/CST6/NEFH | DNA hypermethylation of NEFH, LAD1, and CST6 CpG is significantly associated with poor response to antiangiogenic therapies in advanced RCC | [38] |
| FOXP3 | The methylation of FOXP3 is a marker of regulatory T cells. The regulatory T cell population was significantly expanded in non-responders to immunotherapy as compared to therapy-responding patients | [111] |
| miR-183 | miR-183 predicts the response of renal cancer cells to NK cell therapy Primary renal cancer cells with under-expressed miR-183 were more responsive to NK cell therapy | [112] |
| miR-484/miR-155-5p | Patients with significantly up-regulated levels of miR-484/miR-155-5p are refractory to sunitinib treatment | [113] |
| miR-942 | miR-942 was observed to be overexpressed in sunitinib resistant cell line Caki-2 and hence is a predictor of sunitinib efficacy | [114] |
| miR-22; miR-24; miR-99a; miR-194; miR-214; miR-335; miR-339; miR-708 | These miRNA were specifically induced in long responders to nivolumab but were silenced to baseline in patients with metastatic ccRCC | [49] |
| miR-133a; miR-628-5p | The sunitinib resistant cells expressed greater levels of miR-133a and miR-628-5p compared to sunitinib sensitive cells | [115] |
| GATA1/miR-885-5P/PLIN3 axis | Sunitinib resistant cell lines displayed significantly lower levels of miR-885-5p. Reduced expression of GATA1 down regulates the expression of miR-885-5p which enhances the expression of PLIN3 and induces resistance to sunitinib | [115] |
| VEGF-A, SDF-1, sVEGFR1, sVEGFR2, sVEGFR3 | Baseline high serum levels of VEGF-A, SDF-1, and sVEGFR1 as well as low levels of sVEGFR2 are associated with a shorter PFS and OS during sunitinib treatment Low baseline plasma levels of sVEGFR3 were markedly linked to improved response to sunitinib Decreased plasma levels of VEGF-A were observed in responders to atezolizumab monotherapy | [89] |
| IL-6 | Up regulation of plasma IL-6 levels represents an important resistance to sunitinib Low baseline plasma IL-6 levels are associated with significant response to sunitinib and improved PFS | [89] |
| LDH | Elevated baseline serum LDH in patients is associated with Increased OS in temsirolimus vs. IFN-α recipients | [116] |
NK: natural killer; CST6: cystatin 6; FOXP3: forkhead box transcriptional factor; PLIN3: perilipin 3; SDF-1: stromal cell derived factor-1; sVEGFRs1: soluble VEGFR 1; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase