Anticancer effects of CH based on in vivo studies
| Type of cancer | Animal models | Effects | Mechanisms | Dosage | Duration | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Melanoma | C57BL/6JRj mice xenografted with B16F10 | Inhibits angiogenesis | ↓ Tumor volume, ↓ vascular segments, ↓ vascular network length, ↓ VEGF-A, ↓ phosphorylated histone H2AX on Serine 139 (pS139-H2AX), ↓ HIF-1α, ↓ Nrf1, ↓ superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1), ↓ peroxiredoxin 4 (Prdx4), ↓ glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) | 50 mg/kg | 16 days | [12] |
| C57BL/6 mice xenografted with B16F10 | Improve tumor immune response | ↓ Cancer cell growth in tumors, ↑ survival rate in mice↑ vaccine efficacy, ↑ cluster of differentiation 80 (CD80), ↑ CD86, ↑ MHCI, ↑ MHCII, ↑ CD8+ T cells | 650 mg/kg | 21 days | [14] | |
| C57BL/6 mice xenogafted with B16F10 | Inhibits angiogenesis and inhibited tumor growth | ↓ Tumor volume and weight, ↓ G-MDSCs buildup in marrow and spleen, restore T cell proliferation, ↓ activation of RhoA, ↓ HIF-1α, ↓ microvessel density, ↓ vascular permeability ↑ vascular perfusion | 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg | 22 days | [15] | |
| Breast | BALB/c nude mice xenogafted with MDA-MB-231 | Induces apoptosis, inhibits metastasis | ↓ Tumor growth, ↓ Ki-67, ↑ apoptosis frequency, ↓ MMP-1, 2, 3, 9, 10, and 13, ↑ MMP-8, ↓ tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), ↓ PI3K, ↓ p-Akt, ↓ GSK-3β, ↓ NF-κB | CH-NPs—10 mg/kg | 21 days | [22] |
| Pancreatic | BALB/c-nude mice xenogarfted with MIA PaCa-2 | Induces apoptosis | ↓ Tumour growth, ↓ Ki-67, ↓ c-Myc | 50 mg/kg | 35 days | [28] |
| Prostate | Male BALB/c nude mice xenograted with PC-3 cells | Induces apoptosis | ↓ Tumor spheroid formation and growth, inhibited PC-3 tube formation, ↓ HIF-1α, ↓ VE-cadherin (under normoxic as well as hypoxic conditions), ↓ Ki-67, ↓ SPHK-1, ↓ cyclin D1, ↓ c-caspase-3, ↓ VEGF | 50 mg/kg | 25 days | [30] |
↑: over expression; ↓: down expression