Exploration of Targeted Anti-tumor Therapy

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From: Exploring the therapeutic potential of lipid-based nanoparticles in the management of oral squamous cell carcinoma

Table 1

Different chemotherapeutic drug-loaded LNPs for the effective management of OSCC

Nanoparticles	Drug encapsulated	Pharmaceutical attributes	Cell line/animal model	Major outcomes	Reference
Liposomes	Doxorubicin	PS: NA PDI: NA ZP: NA EE: NA	CAL-27 cells	Significantly higher apoptosis of CAL-27 cells by showing 2.72 times higher caspase-3 levels compared to the free drug. Much higher c-Myc mRNA inhibition in comparison with the free DOX in the treatment of CAL-27 cells.	[78]
Liposomes	Erlotinib	PS: ~ 200 nm PDI: 0.38 ZP: +27 mV EE: > 70%	KB 3-1 cells/Sprague Dawley (SD) rats	Excellent stability and controlled release for u to 36 h. ~ 2 times reduction in IC₅₀ value against KB 3-1 cells. Much better therapeutic efficacy against KB 3-1 tumor-bearing SD rats.	[79]
Nanoemulsion	Berberine & 5-fluorouracil	PS: 37.7 nm PDI: 0.126 ZP: ‒0.7 mV EE: 94.67%	OC cells & AW13516 cells	Excellent mucoadhesive strength and higher ex vivo permeation of drugs across buccal porcine mucosa. 5-Fold improved apoptotic activity against the OC cell line compared to the free 5-fluorouracil. Synergistic anticancer activity against AW13516 oral cancer cells.	[83]
Nanoemulsion	Curcumin & 5-fluorouracil	PS: 196 ± 6.35 nm PDI: 0.29 ZP: ‒22.50 ± 4.87 mV EE: NA	SCC090 & SCC152 cells	Excellent stability and controlled release of drug for up to 96 h. Represented synergistic anticancer activity against both cell lines.	[84]
Microemulsion	Curcumin	PS: 41 ± 3 nm PDI: NA ZP: −42.12 ± 1.26 mV EE: NA	OSCC-25 cells	Much higher anticancer activity against OSCC-25 oral cancer cells compared to the free drug. The addition of ultrasound significantly improved the therapeutic effects.	[88]
Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system	Lovastatin	PS: 85 ± 2 nm DPI: 0.371 ± 0.006 ZP: +21.6 ± 2.1 mV EE: NA	HSC3 cells	Biphasic drug release profiles. Significantly higher cytotoxicity in comparison to the free drug.	[93]
Solid lipid nanoparticles	All-trans-retinoic acid	PS: < 150 nm PDI: < 0.4 ZP: > ‒35 mV EE: NA	SCC-25 cells	Improved cellular uptake. Higher dose and time-dependent cytotoxicity compared to the free drug.	[99]
Solid lipid nanoparticles	Paclitaxel	PS: 99.12 nm to 603.76 nm PDI: 0.31 to 0.51 ZP: ‒19.9 mV to ‒27.2 mV EE: 56.4% to 69.3%	Swiss Albino mice	2.21 times improved bioavailability after intravenous administration. Much higher therapeutic efficacy against 4-nitoquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO) induced oral cancer-bearing Swiss Albino mice.	[100]
Nanostructured lipid carriers	Silymarin	PS: 315.5 ± 0.10 nm PDI: 0.341 ± 0.01 ZP: +14.01 ± 0.21 mV EE: 71.05 ± 0.05%	KB cells	Represents excellent stability and controlled drug release for up to 5 days. Strong mucoadhesive properties and higher permeation across the mucosal membrane. Significantly higher cytotoxicity.	[105]
Nanostructured lipid carriers	Quercetin & Piperine	PS: 128.10 ± 32.02 nm PDI: 0.16 ± 0.050 ZP: ‒17.06 ± 4.73 mV EE: > 85%	FaDu cells	Very fast cellular internalization and localization. Represents synergistic cytotoxicity against FaDu cells. Represent higher depolarisation of the mitochondrial membrane with higher induction of apoptosis.	[106]
Lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles	Doxorubicin & Triptolide	PS: 120 ± 5 nm PDI: 0.12 ± 0.04 ZP: ‒9.7 ± 0.8 mV EE: ~ 60%	KB cells/H22-tumor-bearing BALB/c-nu mice	Drug release at tumoric pH. Higher synergistic cytotoxicity against KB cells. Much higher in vivo anti-tumor efficacy.	[112]
Lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles	Doxorubicin	PS: 100–120 nm PDI: 0.12 ZP: −8.5 ± 2.4 mV EE: 82.5 ± 2%	KB cells/H22-tumor-bearing BALB/c-nu mice	pH-dependent drug release. Higher cytotoxicity against KB cells compared to the free drug. Much better in vivo therapeutic efficacy.	[113]
Lipid-core nanocapsules	Curcumin	PS: 179 ± 48 nm PDI: 0.26 ± 0.01 ZP: +19.0 ± 3.18 mV EE: 99.88%	SCC-25 cells	Higher mucoadhesion and drug retention on porcine buccal mucosa. The formulation was non-irritant and represents controlled drug release profiles for up to 48 h. Significantly higher dose and time-dependent cytotoxicity against than the free drug.	[119]

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PS: particles size; PDI: polydispersity index; ZP: zeta potential; EE: entrapment efficiency; OSCC: oral squamous cell carcinoma; LNPs: lipid-based nanoparticles