Exploration of Targeted Anti-tumor Therapy

Table 1.

Cytokines and their roles in gastric cancer

Sl. No.	Cytokine	Type	Role in gastric cancer	Mechanism	Potential therapeutic target	Reference
1	IL-2	Pro-inflammatory	Tumor suppression	Stimulates T cells and NK cells	Cancer immunotherapy	[17]
2	IFN-α	Pro-inflammatory	Enhances antitumor immunity	Activates immune responses	Cytokine therapy	[18]
3	TNF-α	Pro-inflammatory	Tumor necrosis	Induces apoptosis in tumor cells	Localized cytokine delivery	[19]
4	IL-10	Immunosuppressive	Promotes tumor evasion	Suppresses immune system	Anti-IL-10 antibodies	[20]
5	TGF-β	Immunosuppressive	Promotes tumor growth and metastasis	Modulates T cell response	TGF-β inhibitors	[21]
6	IL-6	Pro-inflammatory	Tumor progression	Activates signaling pathways in cancer cells	Anti-IL-6 therapy	[22]
7	IL-8	Pro-inflammatory	Promotes angiogenesis and metastasis	Attracts immune cells to tumor sites	CXCR2 inhibitors	[23]
8	IL-1β	Pro-inflammatory	Tumor proliferation	Activates inflammatory pathways	IL-1 receptor antagonists	[24]
9	IL-12	Pro-inflammatory	Stimulates cytotoxic T cells	Induces Th1 responses	IL-12 agonists	[22]
10	IL-17	Pro-inflammatory	Tumor growth and angiogenesis	Activate pro-inflammatory pathways	Anti-IL-17 antibodies	[17]
11	IL-22	Immunosuppressive	Tumor promotion	Modulates immune responses in TME	IL-22 inhibitors	[25]
12	GM-CSF	Pro-inflammatory	Enhances tumor immune response	Stimulates dendritic cells	GM-CSF cytokine therapy	[26]
13	IL-15	Pro-inflammatory	Enhances T and NK cell activity	Increasing cytotoxic activity	IL-15 superagonists	[27]
14	IFN-γ	Pro-inflammatory	Antitumor immune response	Activates macrophages and CTLs	IFN-γ therapy	[28]
15	IL-18	Pro-inflammatory	Promotes tumor immunity	Induces IFN-γ production	IL-18 agonists	[29]

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IL-2: interleukin-2; NK: natural killer; IFN-α: interferon-alpha; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-beta; TME: tumor microenvironment; CTLs: cytotoxic T lymphocytes