Exploration of Targeted Anti-tumor Therapy

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From: Cytokine-based immunotherapy for gastric cancer: targeting inflammation for tumor control

Table 2.

Cytokine-based therapies in clinical application

Sl. No.	Therapy	Type	Mode of action	Challenges	Clinical trials	Reference
1	Engineered IL-2	Pro-inflammatory	Enhanced activation of T and NK cells	Systemic toxicity	Phase I/II	[41]
2	Pegylated IFN-α	Pro-inflammatory	Prolonged immune activation	Limited efficacy in solid tumors	Ongoing	[42]
3	TNF-α conjugates	Pro-inflammatory	Targeted tumor necrosis	Off-target effects	Preclinical	[43]
4	Anti-IL-10 antibodies	Immunosuppressive	Inhibits immunosuppressive IL-10	Immune-related adverse events	Phase I	[44]
5	TGF-β inhibitors	Immunosuppressive	Blocks TGF-β signaling in TME	Off-target inhibition	Phase II	[45]
6	IL-6R antagonists	Pro-inflammatory	Reduces tumor-associated inflammation	Potential for autoimmune reactions	Phase II	[46]
7	IL-12 gene therapy	Pro-inflammatory	Induces strong antitumor immune responses	Delivery challenges	Preclinical	[47]
8	IFN-γ therapy	Pro-inflammatory	Enhances macrophage activation	Short half-life	Ongoing	[48]
9	GM-CSF-based vaccines	Pro-inflammatory	Activates dendritic cells for immune priming	Inconsistent immune responses	Phase I	[49]
10	IL-15 superagonists	Pro-inflammatory	Amplifies T and NK cell cytotoxicity	Cytokine release syndrome	Phase I/II	[50]
11	IL-22 inhibitors	Immunosuppressive	Reduces immune evasion in TME	Specificity issues	Preclinical	[51]
12	Combination of IL-2 and checkpoint inhibitors	Pro-inflammatory	Synergizes T cell activation	Severe toxicity risks	Phase III	[52]
13	Pegylated IL-18	Pro-inflammatory	Enhances IFN-γ production	Uncertain dosing	Phase I	[53]
14	Localized TNF-α delivery	Pro-inflammatory	Targets tumor directly	Local inflammation	Preclinical	[54]
15	IL-1 receptor antagonists	Pro-inflammatory	Blocks IL-1-mediated tumor growth	Potential immune suppression	Ongoing	[55]

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IL-2: interleukin-2; NK: natural killer; IFN-α: interferon-alpha; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-beta; TME: tumor microenvironment