Exploration of Targeted Anti-tumor Therapy

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From: Cytokine-based immunotherapy for gastric cancer: targeting inflammation for tumor control

Table 3.

Combination therapies with cytokines

Sl. No.	Combination therapy	Cytokine used	Other therapy	Synergistic effect	Challenges	Reference
1	IL-2 and immune checkpoint inhibitors	IL-2	PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors	Enhance T cell activation	Severe immune-related toxicity	[63]
2	IFN-α with chemotherapy	IFN-α	Doxorubicin	Potentiates chemotherapy-induced tumor killing	Limited duration of response	[64]
3	TNF-α and radiotherapy	TNF-α	Localized radiation	Synergizes with radiation-induced cell death	Local tissue damage	[65]
4	IL-12 and IL-2	IL-12, IL-2	Dual cytokine therapy	Amplifies antitumor immune response	Cytokine release syndrome	[66]
5	IL-6 inhibition and chemotherapy	IL-6 antagonists	Cisplatin	Reduces chemotherapy resistance	Potential for exacerbating infection risks	[67]
6	IL-15 and NK cell adoptive transfer	IL-15	NK cell therapy	Enhances NK cell cytotoxicity	Cytokine-related toxicity	[50]
7	IL-10 blockade with PD-1 inhibitors	Anti-IL-10	PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors	Reverses immune suppression in TME	Increased risk of autoimmune diseases	[68]
8	TGF-β inhibitors and VEGF inhibitors	TGF-β inhibitors	Anti-angiogenic agents	Reduces tumor vasculature	Potential for severe adverse vascular events	[69]
9	IL-1 blockades with radiotherapy	IL-1 antagonists	Radiation	Reduces tumor recurrence	Immunosuppressive side effects	[70]
10	IL-22 inhibition and checkpoint inhibitors	IL-22 inhibitors	PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors	Overcomes immune evasion	Off-target effects on normal tissue	[71]
11	GM-CSF and cancer vaccines	GM-CSF	Peptide-based vaccines	Enhances vaccine efficacy	Inconsistent results across patient populations	[72]
12	IL-18 and chemotherapy	IL-18	Paclitaxel	Enhances chemotherapy-induced apoptosis	Severe cytokine-related toxicity	[73]
13	IL-2 and adoptive T cell therapy	IL-2	CAR-T therapy	Amplifies CAR-T cell efficacy	High toxicity and cytokine release syndrome	[74]
14	IFN-γ with oncolytic viruses	IFN-γ	Oncolytic viral therapy	Enhances viral-induced tumor cell death	High inflammatory response	[75]
15	TGF-β blockade with chemotherapy	TGF-β inhibitors	Cisplatin	Inhibits tumor progression and metastasis	Risk of systemic toxicity	[76]

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IL-2: interleukin-2; IFN-α: interferon-alpha; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; NK: natural killer; TME: tumor microenvironment; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-beta