Exploration of Targeted Anti-tumor Therapy

Table 1

Description of liquid biopsy applied in HNC studies highlighted in this review

Circulating biomarkers	Biofluid types	HNC category	Molecular assays	Detection/isolation methods	References
cfDNA	Plasma	HNSCC	CNAs	NGS	[11, 12]
		HNSCC	Somatic mutations	ddPCR	[14]
		OPSCC	Somatic mutations	NGS	[16]
		HNSCC	Quantification	Qubit fluorescence	[23]
		OPC	DNA methylation	Q-MSP	[35]
		HNSCC	DNA methylation	qPCR; quasi-digital PCR	[36, 37]
		OPSCC	DNA methylation	ddPCR	[38]
	Plasma and saliva	OSCC	Somatic mutations	NGS	[21]
cfmtDNA	Plasma	HNSCC	Quantification	qPCR	[29]
cfHPVDNA	Plasma	OPSCC	Quantification	ddPCR	[39, 41, 42]
cfHPVDNA	Plasma	OPSCC	Quantification	qPCR	[40]
miRNAs	Plasma	Tongue SCC	Expression	PCR arrays	[49]
		LSCC	Expression	ddPCR; qRT-PCR	[50, 55]
		OSCC	Expression	NGS	[51]
		HNSCC	Expression	qRT-PCR	[54, 57]
		HNSCC	Expression	NGS	[59]
	Serum	OSCC	Expression	qRT-PCR	[52]
		LSCC	Expression	PCR arrays	[53]
		HNSCC	Expression	qRT-PCR	[56]
		LSCC	Expression	qRT-PCR	[58]
	Saliva	OSCC	Expression	qRT-PCR; PCR arrays	[60, 61]
		HNSCC	Expression	qRT-PCR; PCR arrays	[62]
				qRT-PCR; NGS	[63]
				PCR arrays	[64]
	Serum and saliva	Salivary gland tumors	Expression	qRT-PCR	[65]
lncRNAs	Plasma	HNSCC	Expression	PCR arrays; NGS	[66]
		OSCC	Expression	qRT-PCR	[67]
		HNC	Expression	Semiquantitative PCR	[68]
		HNSCC	Expression	qRT-PCR	[69]
CTCs	BM and bloodstream	HNSCC	Detection and counting	Immunocytochemistry and fluorescence microscopy	[72, 81]
	BM and bloodstream	HNSCC	Detection	RT-PCR	[73, 79]
	Bloodstream	HNSCC and OSCC	Detection and counting	Ficoll-Hypaque, dextran sedimentation and immunocytochemistry	[74, 76–78]
		HNSCC	Detection and counting	CellSearch^®	[75, 82]
		LAOC	Detection and counting	RosetteSep^TM technique and immunocytochemistry	[83]
		rHNSCC	Detection and counting	EPISPOT, FCM and CellSearch^®	[84]
		HNSCC	Detection and counting	SERS	[85]
EVs	Plasma	HNSCC	Quantification; characterization	Size-exclusion chromatography; FCM	[93, 94, 96, 99]
		OSCC	Cargo analysis (miRNAs profile)	Commercial kit; qRT-PCR	[100]
		HNSCC	Cargo analysis (miRNAs profile)	Commercial kit; qRT-PCR	[101]
		Tongue SCC	Cargo analysis (protein profile)	Centrifugation and size-exclusion chromatography; isobaric labelling (iTRAQ) and two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography followed by tandem mass spectrometry	[104]
	Saliva	OSCC	Cargo analysis (miRNAs profile)	Centrifugation; qRT-PCR array	[102]
			Cargo analysis (miRNAs profile)	Commercial kit; qRT-PCR array	[103]
			Cargo analysis (protein profile)	Ultracentrifugation; SWATH_MS (Sequential Window Acquisition of all Theoretical Mass Spectra)	[105]

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