The evolutionary development of homeostatic corrections
| Number | Stage | Description | Key points | Approximate timeline | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ancient origins of steroid signaling | Evolution of steroid signaling pathways to regulate metabolism and stress responses in early vertebrates. These pathways allow organisms to manage energy resources and respond to environmental changes. |
| Approximately 450–500 million years ago | [8] |
| 2 | Co-evolution with immune, inflammatory, and hemostatic responses | GR co-evolved with the immune system to regulate inflammation and prevent tissue damage. Hemostasis and inflammatory mechanisms evolved alongside, underscoring their interconnected roles. |
| Approximately 400–450 million years ago | [11] |
| 3 | Adaptation to diverse stressors | GR system evolved to manage a wide range of stressors, including infections, injuries, psychological, and metabolic stress. |
| Approximately 300–350 million years ago | [5] |
| 4 | Integration with mitochondrial function | GR co-evolved with mitochondrial function, reflecting the role of energy production in stress response. Mitochondria contain GREs in mtDNA. |
| Approximately 1.5–2 billion years ago (mitochondria origin), integration with GR: approximately 400 million years ago | [9] |
| 5 | Essential micronutrients and antioxidant systems | GR-mediated corrections rely on micronutrients and antioxidants incorporated into stress responses as organisms evolved more complex diets and metabolic systems. |
| Approximately 400 million years ago | [10] |
This table was generated with the assistance of AI using GPT-4. AP-1: activator protein 1; GR: glucocorticoid receptor; GREs: glucocorticoid response elements; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; mtGREs: mitochondrial GREs; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa B
The supplementary tables for this article are available at: https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/file/101426_sup_1.pdf.
This work was previously published as a preprint. DOI: 10.20944/preprints202409.1823.v1. During the preparation of this work, the author used ChatGPT-4 to generate tables and Consensus and Google Scholar for the literature search. The author acknowledges the assistance of AI-powered tools (GPT-4) in the table’s (Table 1, 2, and 3) research, structuring, and refinement. The author reviewed and edited the content as needed and takes full responsibility for the content of the publication.
GUM: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing.
The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest.
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