Studies analyzing the effects of VLCKD-induced WL on metabolic and hormonal profile, SF and reproductive health in males. Both mean weight (kg) and BMI (kg/m2) refer to baseline
| Author | n | Age (years) | Weight (kg) | BMI (kg/m2) | Duration of WL (weeks) | IR | D | TT | FT | E | FSH | LH | SHBG | PSA | Effects on SF and RF |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| La Vignera et al. [5] | 20 | 49.3 ± 5.2 | 93.0 ± 6.5 | 32.0 ± 3.1 | 12 | ↓ | NA | ↑ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Not investigated |
| Mongioì et al. [6] | 40 | 45.8 ± 2.4 | 112 ± 3.7 | 37.5 ± 1.1 | 8 | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | NA | NA | NA | ↑ | NA | ↓ | Not investigated |
| Renck et al. [49] | 10 | 39 | - | 40.2 | 8 | ↓ | NA | ↑ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ↑IIEF |
| Renck et al. [50] | 2 | - | 113.65 | 37.05 | - | ↓ | NA | ↑ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ↑ sperm motility and morphology |
| Cignarelli et al. [51] | 22 | 39.3 ± 11.7 | 117.5 | 38.2 ± 6.4 | 4 | ↓ | NA | ↑ | = | NA | = | = | ↓ | NA | ↑ somatic domain of AMS |
n: number of subjects; age: mean age (years); weight: mean weight (kg); BMI: mean body mass index (kg/m2); D: vitamin D; PSA: prostate-specific antigen; RF: reproductive function; NA: not available; AMS: Aging Males’ Symptoms Scale. ↓: decrease; ↑: increase; -: none; =: unchanged