From:  Nutritional and bioactive characterization of pistachio—a review with special focus on health

Bioactive compounds in pistachio hull

Main phenolic compoundsOthers phenolic compoundsType of Extraction and determinationAssociated health benefitsReference
NameConcentration (µg/g DM)NameConcentration (µg/g DM)
Gallic acidn.d.Galloylshikimic acidn.d.Acidified (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid) methanolic (80%) extract
Dichloromethane extract
HPLC-IT-TOF-MSn		Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory[93]
Quercetinn.d.Digalloyl quinic acidn.d.
Myricetin-galloyl hexosiden.d.(Epi)catechin hexosiden.d.
Quercetin-galloyl glucosiden.d.Digalloyl hexosiden.d.
Quercetin-3-glucuroniden.d.Hexagalloyl hexosiden.d.
Quercetin-3-glucoside (isoquercetin)n.d.
Myrcitin-3-glucosiden.d.
Luteolinn.d.
Luteolin glucuroniden.d.
Luteolin hexosiden.d.
anacardic acidsn.d.
Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside340.01Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside42.74Methanol extract
Reverse-phase-HPLC-DAD-FLU		Antioxidant and cytoprotective[106]
Eriodictyol-7-O-glucoside73.29Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside26.74
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid72.09Quercetin-3-O-glucoside16.35
Catechin60.64Protocatechuic acid10.89
Gallic acid57.20Naringin9.73
Vanillic acid4.46
Eriodictyol2.80
Quercetin-3-O-galactoside2.51
Naringenin2.41
Kaempferol2.22
Luteolin1.27
Epicatechin0.88
Quercetin0.77
Apigenin0.11
Eriodictyol-7-O-glucoside40.26Protocatechuic acid3.82Ethanol extract
Reverse-phase-HPLC-DAD-FLU		Antioxidant and cytoprotective[106]
Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside17.544-Hydroxybenzoic acid3.97
Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside137.25Vanillic acid0.06
Catechin31.64Eriodictyol0.72
Gallic acid14.50Naringenin0.20
Naringin7.77
Quercetinn.d.
Kaempferoln.d.
Quercetin-3-O-glucoside7.95
Quercetin-3-O-galactoside1.14
Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside1.11
Luteolin0.47
Apigeninn.d.
Epicatechin0.37
β-Glucogallin4,720Galloyl shikimic acid842.5Ultrasound-assisted methanol/water/formic acid (80/19/1, v/v/v) extract
HPLC-DAD-ESI–MSn		-[104]
Gallic acid3,102.5Protocatechuic acid482.5
Penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose3,247.5Kaempferol hexoside475
Galloyl quinic acid1,437.5Cyanidin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside425
Quercetin-3-O-galactoside/glucuronide1,902.5Digalloyl hexose326.6
Quercetin-3-O-glucoside1,900Myricetin-O-hexoside290
Quercetin galloyl hexoside2,307.5Myricetin3-O-galactoside280
Anacardic acids63,475
Catechin53.6p-Coumaric acid13.9Microwave-assisted aqueous extract

HPLC-DAD-FLD-MS		-[111]
Naringenin49.9Gallic acid11.2
Sinapic acid26.5Vanillic acid10.5
Phloroglucinol4.7
Gallic acid5,243.87Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside426.86Methanolic (75%) extract
HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS		-[107]
Eriodictyol-7-O-glucoside1,333.73Naringenin245.19
Catechin1,906.55Protocatechuic acid206.87
Quercetin169.39
Eriodictyol123.47
Naringenin117.50
Epicatechin19.50
Luteolin3.35
Phloroglucinol9,810Protocatechuic acid13.5Aqueous extract
Reverse-phase-HPLC-DAD		α-Amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition[108]
Gallic acid783Cinnamic acidn.d.
Vanillic acid345Catechin0.006
Eriodictyol-7-O-glucoside994-Hydroxybenzoic acid0.003
Naringin27
Gallic acid5,480Quercetin-O-galloyl-O-hexoside In.d.Aqueous extract
UHPLC–MSn		-[109]
Galloyl shikimic acid5,670Quercetin-O-galloyl-O-hexoside II370
Theogallin4,560Luteolinn.d.
Quercetin-O-hexoside2,030Kaempferol-O-galloyl-O-hexosiden.d.
Pyrogallol1,840Luteic acidn.d.
Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside1,280Dihydroxybenzoic acid-O-hexoside240
Quercetinn.d.Galloyl-O-hexoside I190
Methylgallate560Protocatechuic acid180
Digalloylquinic acid490Caffeic acid-O-hexoside150
Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide430Myricetin-O-hexoside120
Galloyl-O-pentoside100
Gallic acid3,072.9Syringic acid19.0Microwave-assisted ethanol:water (50:50) extract

HPLC-PAD		-[105]
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid2,054.2p-Coumaric acid17.1
Protocatechuic acid314.9Quercetin13.5
Epicatechin286.9Caffeic acid11.8
Gallic acid362.1Epicatechin35.6Methanolic (80%) extract
HPLC		Antioxidant and anti-candida[110]
Eriodictyol-7-O-glucoside127.1Eriodictyol17.2
Catechin93.5Naringenin3.3
Cyanidin-3-O-galactoside1431.1Naringin27.1
Quercetin4.4
Kaempferol0.15
Luteolin4.6
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HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography; DAD: diode array detector; FLD: fluorescence detector; MS/MS: tandem mass spectrometry; IT: ion trap; TOF: time-of-flight; MSn: multistage mass spectrometry; ESI: electrospray ionization; UHPLC: ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography; MS: mass spectrometry; PAD: pulsed amperometric detection; n.d.: not detected; -: not studied