Symbols in the table represent the carbohydrate fermentation patterns of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates: ‘+’ indicates positive fermentation, meaning the carbohydrate is utilized by the isolate. ‘−’ indicates negative fermentation, meaning the carbohydrate is not utilized by the isolate. ‘+ −’ indicates variability in fermentation patterns, which may reflect strain-specific differences, weak or inconsistent fermentation, or experimental conditions that partially support carbohydrate utilization
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