Exploration of Foods and Foodomics

Table 4

AA profile of GFs filled with beef (GF_W_B), chicken (GF_W_C), fish (GF_W_F), PWL (GF_W_PWL), and SWP (GF_W_SWP)

AA	GF_W_B	GF_W_C	GF_W_F	GF_W_PWL	GF_W_SWP	*RDA
Essential AA (mg AA/100 g protein)
Leucine	8.39 ± 0.02^b	7.44 ± 0.08^d	6.73 ± 0.04^e	8.61 ± 0.08^a	8.13 ± 0.04^c	6.60
Lysine	3.55 ± 0.05^b	3.32 ± 0.04^c	3.17 ± 0.02^d	3.81 ± 0.02^a	3.46 ± 0.04^b	5.80
Isoleucine	4.35 ± 0.05^ab	3.79 ± 0.07^d	4.09 ± 0.08^c	4.53 ± 0.02^a	4.16 ± 0.05^bc	2.80
Phenylalanine	4.73 ± 0.07^b	4.16 ± 0.03^c	3.51 ± 0.10^d	5.09 ± 0.08^a	4.55 ± 0.05^b	2.80
Tryptophan	0.87 ± 0.02^b	0.77 ± 0.01^c	0.70 ± 0.00^d	0.93 ± 0.02^a	0.82 ± 0.01^bc	1.10
Valine	5.06 ± 0.04^a	4.12 ± 0.06^c	4.09 ± 0.09^c	4.89 ± 0.02^a	4.55 ± 0.04^b	3.50
Histidine	2.25 ± 0.02^ab	2.26 ± 0.02^ab	2.04 ± 0.03^c	2.34 ± 0.03^a	2.14 ± 0.06^bc	1.90
Methionine	1.25 ± 0.01^bc	1.16 ± 0.02^d	1.28 ± 0.01^ab	1.33 ± 0.03^a	1.20 ± 0.00^cd	2.20
Threonine	3.58 ± 0.09^b	3.18 ± 0.04^c	3.04 ± 0.03^c	4.10 ± 0.06^a	3.46 ± 0.06^b	3.40
Non-essential AA (mg AA/100 g protein)
Proline	3.52 ± 0.04^bc	3.44 ± 0.03^c	3.25 ± 0.04^d	3.85 ± 0.04^a	3.62 ± 0.04^b	-
Arginine	5.28 ± 0.03^b	3.93 ± 0.03^d	3.81 ± 0.05^d	5.50 ± 0.10^a	4.71 ± 0.06^c	2.00
Tyrosine	3.45 ± 0.02^b	3.52 ± 0.03^b	3.04 ± 0.03^d	3.91 ± 0.03^a	3.25 ± 0.04^c	-
Cysteine	1.35 ± 0.04^a	1.09 ± 0.03^b	0.88 ± 0.03^c	1.37 ± 0.03^a	1.27 ± 0.02^a	-
Alanine	4.68 ± 0.02^a	3.89 ± 0.00^c	3.49 ± 0.08^d	4.82 ± 0.03^a	4.14 ± 0.03^b	-
Glutamate	12.14 ± 0.13^b	10.64 ± 0.12^c	9.49 ± 0.17^d	12.67 ± 0.06^a	11.03 ± 0.03^c	-
Glycine	4.30 ± 0.07^a	3.39 ± 0.02^c	3.37 ± 0.05^c	3.87 ± 0.03^b	3.72 ± 0.04^b	-
Serine	4.09 ± 0.07^ab	3.90 ± 0.05^ab	3.51 ± 0.05^b	4.42 ± 0.10^a	3.73 ± 0.03^ab	-
Aspartate	8.05 ± 0.05^b	6.90 ± 0.07^d	6.37 ± 0.08^e	8.51 ± 0.11^a	7.56 ± 0.05^c	-

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Values are means ± standard deviation (SD) of three replicates. Mean values in the same row with different superscript letters translate significant differences (P < 0.05) between protein filling samples. AA: amino acids; RDA: recommended dietary allowances; GF: gluten-free; PWL: palm weevil larvae; SWP: Mulberry Silkworm pupae