Effects of MP in diabetes, PD, and ED (animal model)
| S.No. | First citation | Year of publication | Country | Targeted disease | Experimental model | Dose | Major finding |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Baroli et al. [24] | 2019 | Italy | PD | Drosophila melanogaster model (fruit fly) | Not applicable | Beneficial effect on the oxidative stress conditions, rescues the mitochondrial functioning from oxidative stress |
| 2 | Solari et al. [25] | 2018 | Italy | PD | Drosophila melanogaster model (fruit fly) | Not applicable | MPE treatment rescued the crop muscle parameters and also the mitochondrial morphology |
| 3 | Johnson et al. [26] | 2018 | USA | PD | Drosophila melanogaster model (fruit fly) | 12.5–50 g/mL | MPE contains bioactive compounds, beyond leva-dopa, which may impart neuroprotective effects against PD |
| 4 | Singh et al. [27] | 2016 | India | PD | Swiss albino male mice (8–10 week old, 30–45 g) | 48 mg/kg body wt | Significantly decreased the elevated levels of oxidative stress found in Parkinsonian mice |
| 5 | Poddighe et al. [28] | 2014 | Italy | PD | Drosophila melanogaster model (fruit fly) | Not applicable | Suggesting that its effects cannot only depend upon its leva-dopa content but support the clinical observation of MPE as an effective medication with intrinsic ability to delay the onset of chronic leva-dopa-induced long-term motor complications |
| 6 | Jansen et al. [29] | 2014 | UK | PD | Drosophila melanogaster model (fruit fly) | Not applicable | No significant effects were observed |
| 7 | Yadav et al. [30] | 2014 | India | PD | Swiss albino male mice, 25 ± 5 g wt | 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg body-wt | Decreasing oxidative stress and possibly implementing neuronal and glial cell crosstalk |
| 8 | Yadav et al. [31] | 2013 | India | PD | Swiss albino male mice weighing 25 ± 5 gram | 25, 50,100, 150, and 200 mg/kg body-wt | Significantly reduced the PQ induced neurotoxicity as evidenced by decrease in oxidative damage, physiological abnormalities, and immunohistochemical changes in the parkinsonian mouse |
| 9 | Lieu et al. [32] | 2012 | USA | PD | Fourteen adult (6–9 kg) rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and two cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) monkeys | MPEP + CD (4.5 g/25 mg) | Distinctive neurophysiological findings in the basal ganglia and the ability to ameliorate parkinsonism without causing dyskinesias |
| 10 | Lieu et al. [33] | 2010 | USA | PD | Female Sprague-Dawley rats (250–400 g) | 80 mg/kg MPE (group 2), and 40 mg/kg MPE (group 3) with 15 mg/kg of BZ (MPE + BZ) | MP contains water-soluble ingredients that either have an intrinsic DDCI-like activity or mitigate the need for an add-on DDCI to ameliorate parkinsonism |
| 11 | Dhanasekaran et al. [34] | 2008 | USA | PD | Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200–225 g) | Varying doses with different combinations | Inhibited the oxidation of lipids and deoxyribose sugar by exhibiting antioxidant and metal chelating effects |
| 12 | Tharakan et al. [35] | 2007 | USA | PD | Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200–225 g) | Varying doses with different combinations | MPCP has shown anti-parkinson and neuroprotective effects in animal models of PD that are superior to synthetic levo-dopa. The copper chelating property may be one of the mechanisms by which MPCP exerts its protective effects on DNA |
| 13 | Manyam et al. [36] | 2004 | USA | PD | Sprague-Dawley rats | 2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 g/kg/day | Antiparkinson effect may be due to components other than levo-dopa or that it has a levo-dopa enhancing effect |
| 14 | Majekodunmi et al. [9] | 2011 | Nigeria | Diabetes | Wistar rats (180–240 g) and albino mice (16–20 g) of both sexes | Methanol and ethanol fractions of MP | A single dose of the ethanolic extract of MP resulted in a significant reduction in the blood glucose level, reducing the weight loss associated with diabetes |
| 15 | Rathi et al. [37] | 2002 | India | Diabetes | Rats | 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day | MP had no significant effect |
| 16 | Choowong-In et al. [38] | 2021 | Thailand | ED | Ninety-six adult male (n = 48) and female (n = 48) ICR mice (10 weeks, weighing 35–40 g) | 600 mg/kg | Improve the sexual performances and reproductive parameters especially functional proteins in testis, epididymis, and sperm |
| 17 | Seppan et al. [39] | 2020 | India | ED | Mouse model | 200 mg/kg body weight | Restoring aging induced structural and functional impairment in dorsal nerve of the penis and ED |
| 18 | Duangnin et al. [11] | 2017 | Thailand | ED | Male Wistar rats of 250–300 g, 6–8 weeks old | 20 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight | Polar fraction of MP is able to upregulate the expression of ED-related genes including eNOS and nNOS in vitro which subsequently promotes nitric oxide production and maintains intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels |
| 19 | Goswami et al. [40] | 2012 | India | ED | Male Wistar rats weighing 200–250 g | 50 ug/mL | Methanolic extract of MP failed to inhibit Rho-kinase 2 |
| 20 | Suresh et al. [41] | 2012 | India | ED | Albino rats of Wistar strain twelve-week-old male rats around 225–250 g bw | 200 mg/kg | Improve male sexual behavior with androgenic and antidiabetic effects |
| 21 | Suresh et al. [42] | 2011 | India | ED | Albino rats of Wistar strain twelve-week-old male rats around 225–250 g bw | 200 mg/kg bw | Significantly protected the erectile tissue and also improved penile reflex |
bw: body weight; BZ: benserazide; CD: carbidopa; DDCI: dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor; DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; ED: erectile dysfunction; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; ICR: institute for cancer research; MP: Mucuna pruriens; MPCP: Mucuna pruriens cotyledon powder; MPEP: Mucuna pruriens endocarp powder; nNOS: neuronal nitric oxide synthase; PD: Parkinson’s disease; PQ: paraquat; wt: weight